{"id":16265,"date":"2020-10-31T00:22:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-30T23:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/?p=16265"},"modified":"2023-12-30T19:13:34","modified_gmt":"2023-12-30T18:13:34","slug":"samhain-svatek-smrti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/?p=16265","title":{"rendered":"SAMHAIN – sv\u00e1tek smrti"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Samhain<\/strong>\u00a0(\u010dti [sau\u0148]; ze staroirsk\u00e9ho\u00a0samain<\/em>) je n\u00e1zev\u00a0keltsk\u00e9ho<\/a>\u00a0sv\u00e1tku, kter\u00fd se slavil v noci z 31. \u0159\u00edjna na 1. listopadu. Ve star\u00e9m keltsk\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i se t\u00edmto slovem ozna\u010doval tak\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edc listopad, p\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno prvn\u00ed t\u0159i t\u00fddny tohoto m\u011bs\u00edce. Ve skotsk\u00e9\u00a0gael\u0161tin\u011b<\/a>\u00a0se tento sv\u00e1tek p\u00ed\u0161e jako\u00a0Samhainn<\/em>\u00a0nebo\u00a0Samhuinn<\/em>, kde\u017eto listopad jako\u00a0an t-Samhain<\/em>. V\u00a0galsk\u00e9m<\/a>\u00a0kalend\u00e1\u0159i z Coligny<\/a>\u00a0z 1. stol. p\u0159. n. l. je Samhain uveden jako\u00a0Samonios<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Samhain byl hranic\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma hlavn\u00edmi periodami (l\u00e9tem a zimou), pro Kelty byl za\u010d\u00e1tkem nov\u00e9ho roku, a byl vn\u00edm\u00e1n tak\u00e9 jako doba, kdy se st\u00edr\u00e1 hranice mezi sv\u011btem \u017eiv\u00fdch a mrtv\u00fdch. V\u011b\u0159ilo se, \u017ee se du\u0161e zesnul\u00fdch v tento \u010das vracej\u00ed na zemsk\u00fd povrch, a \u017eiv\u00ed mohou nav\u0161t\u00edvit podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Kdy\u017e byla na za\u010d\u00e1tku 1. stol. n. l. keltsk\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed dobyta\u00a0\u0158\u00edmany<\/a>, za\u010daly se prol\u00ednat keltsk\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 zvyky, a ke sv\u00e1tku Samhain se za\u010dal slavit i konec \u00farody. K symbol\u016fm Samhainu p\u0159ibylo obil\u00ed a ovoce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sv\u00e1tek Samhain se slav\u00ed v takzvan\u00fd \u201e\u010dtvrt\u00edc\u00ed den\u201c (cross-quarter day), tedy den v p\u016fli mezi\u00a0rovnodennost\u00ed<\/a>\u00a0(den stejn\u011b dlouh\u00fd jako noc) a\u00a0slunovratem<\/a>\u00a0(na severn\u00ed polokouli nejkrat\u0161\u00ed den a nejdel\u0161\u00ed noc). Jin\u00fdm \u010dtvrt\u00edc\u00edm dnem jsou\u00a0Hromnice<\/a>\u00a0(v keltsk\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i sv\u00e1tek\u00a0Imbolc<\/a>). Samhain se slav\u00ed jako protip\u00f3l\u00a0Beltainu<\/a>, p\u0159esn\u011b po p\u016fl roce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Bylo zvykem nap\u0159\u00edklad prost\u00edrat u ve\u010de\u0159e i pro zesnul\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9, u kter\u00fdch se \u010dekalo, \u017ee p\u0159ijdou rodinu nav\u0161t\u00edvit, nebo vystavovat za oknem zap\u00e1lenou sv\u00ed\u010dku, \u010dasto ve vy\u0159ezan\u00e9 \u0159ep\u011b, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla bloud\u00edc\u00edm du\u0161\u00edm mrtv\u00fdch posv\u00edtit na jejich cestu. Lid\u00e9 se tak\u00e9 p\u0159evl\u00e9kali do star\u00fdch c\u00e1r\u016f a malovali si obli\u010deje, aby se uchr\u00e1nili p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi duchy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Samhain bl\u00edzk\u00fd jeho p\u016fvodn\u00ed keltsk\u00e9 podob\u011b v sou\u010dasnosti slav\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci n\u011bkter\u00fdch\u00a0novopohansk\u00fdch<\/a>\u00a0n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na keltsk\u00e9ho novopohanstv\u00ed a\u00a0Wiccy<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Z wiccansk\u00e9ho Boha se o Samhainu st\u00e1v\u00e1 P\u00e1n smrti, kter\u00fd used\u00e1 na tr\u016fn v podsv\u011bt\u00ed jako vl\u00e1dce mrtv\u00fdch. Po jeho boku sed\u00ed Bohyn\u011b, se kterou se podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch tradic spoj\u00ed a po\u010dne syna (nov\u00e9ho Boha). Zat\u00edmco Bohyn\u011b a mlad\u00fd B\u016fh se o\u00a0Imbolcu<\/a>\u00a0vracej\u00ed na tento sv\u011bt, star\u00fd B\u016fh z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v podsv\u011btn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, pomalu ztr\u00e1c\u00ed svou s\u00edlu a postupn\u011b ho pohlcuje jeho vlastn\u00ed tma a nev\u011bdom\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Halloween[pozn. 1]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0([h\u00e6l\u0259\u028a\u02c8i\u02d0n]IPA<\/a>) je p\u016fvodn\u011b keltsk\u00fd lidov\u00fd sv\u00e1tek, kter\u00fd se slav\u00ed\u00a031. \u0159\u00edjna<\/a>, tedy den p\u0159ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm\u00a0sv\u00e1tkem V\u0161ech svat\u00fdch<\/a>.\u00a0Sv\u00e1tek<\/a>\u00a0se zachoval p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v anglosask\u00fdch zem\u00edch, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u00a0USA<\/a>,\u00a0Kanad\u011b<\/a>,\u00a0Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii<\/a>,\u00a0Irsku<\/a>\u00a0a\u00a0Austr\u00e1lii<\/a>. N\u00e1zev vznikl zkr\u00e1cen\u00edm anglick\u00e9ho \u201eAll Hallows‘ Eve\u201c, tedy \u201eP\u0159edve\u010der V\u0161ech svat\u00fdch\u201c.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Halloween je keltsk\u00fd sv\u00e1tek s histori\u00ed sahaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e do doby p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. Den 31. \u0159\u00edjna byl hranic\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma hlavn\u00edmi periodami (l\u00e9tem a zimou). Keltov\u00e9 tento den vn\u00edmali jako pomez\u00ed, kdy se st\u00edr\u00e1 hranice mezi sv\u011btem \u017eiv\u00fdch a mrtv\u00fdch. Stav\u011bli proto olt\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00e9 obsahovaly pta\u010d\u00ed pera, \u010di zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed lebky, a m\u011bly za \u00fa\u010del nav\u00e1zat spojen\u00ed s mrtv\u00fdmi, pro kter\u00e9 se pak po\u0159\u00e1daly uct\u00edvac\u00ed ob\u0159ady. Sv\u00e1tek se v kelt\u0161tin\u011b naz\u00fdval Samhain. Mnoh\u00e9 z p\u016fvodn\u00edho Halloweenu se dochovalo do dnes. Lid\u00e9 p\u0159ed sv\u00fdmi domy stav\u00ed mal\u00e9 olt\u00e1\u0159e, ov\u0161em k jejich stavb\u011b jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e9 d\u00fdn\u011b, m\u00edsto oh\u0148\u016f se zapaluj\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Zvyky dne\u0161n\u00edho Halloweenu se rozvinuly v\u00a0Irsku<\/a>\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b prolnut\u00ed zvyk\u016f vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch ze staroirsk\u00e9ho pohansk\u00e9ho sv\u00e1tku\u00a0Samhain<\/a>, oslav \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch pohansk\u00fdch sv\u00e1tk\u016f a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch\u00a0slavnost\u00ed V\u0161ech svat\u00fdch<\/a>, kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159ineseny do\u00a0\u0158\u00edma<\/a>\u00a0spole\u010dn\u011b s k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00edm.[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Americk\u00fd folklorista Jack Santino napsal, \u017ee \u201ev cel\u00e9m Irsku existovalo neklidn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed mezi zvyky a v\u00edrou spojen\u00fdmi s k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00edm a t\u011bmi, kter\u00e9 byly spojeny s n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edmi p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdmi\u201c.[3]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Historik Nicholas Rogers, kter\u00fd zkoum\u00e1 po\u010d\u00e1tky Halloweenu, poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee zat\u00edmco \u201en\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed folklorist\u00e9 zasazuj\u00ed jeho po\u010d\u00e1tky do \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch oslav bohyn\u011b\u00a0Pomony<\/a>(bohyn\u011b ovoce, ovocn\u00fdch strom\u016f a\u00a0ovocn\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed<\/a>) nebo slavnost\u00ed zvan\u00fdch\u00a0Parentalia<\/a>, co\u017e byly tzv. \u201edny p\u0159edk\u016f\u201c, obvykle je spojena s keltsk\u00fdm sv\u00e1tkem Samhain, kter\u00fd poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze star\u00e9ho Irska a byl spojen se za\u010d\u00e1tkem keltsk\u00e9ho nov\u00e9ho roku.[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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http:\/\/Photo de \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440 \u0426\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b provenant de Pexels<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Vyst\u011bhovalci zvyk p\u0159enesli v\u00a019. stolet\u00ed<\/a>\u00a0do\u00a0USA<\/a>, kde se v\u0161eobecn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il, a odtud ho s expanz\u00ed americk\u00e9 kultury p\u0159ej\u00edmaly dal\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b. Toto pojet\u00ed p\u0159ijal i\u00a0etnolog<\/a>\u00a0James Frazer<\/a>, kter\u00fd Halloween v\u00a0knize<\/a>\u00a0Zlat\u00e1 ratolest<\/a><\/em>\u00a0popisuje jako pohansk\u00fd sv\u00e1tek s tenkou k\u0159es\u0165anskou slupkou. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci v oblasti keltsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako nap\u0159. n\u011bmeck\u00fd profesor religionistiky Bernhard Maier v\u0161ak s t\u00edmto v\u00fdkladem nesouhlas\u00ed. Maier naopak tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee jde o zvyk, kter\u00fd byl p\u0159enesen do Irska z\u00a0\u0158\u00edma<\/a>. Dle jeho teorie se op\u00edr\u00e1 o p\u016fvodn\u011b \u017eidovskou tradici slaven\u00ed sv\u00e1tk\u016f ji\u017e od p\u0159edchoz\u00edho ve\u010dera, nebo\u0165\u00a0\u017did\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0po\u010d\u00edtali za\u010d\u00e1tek dne ji\u017e p\u0159edchoz\u00edm\u00a0z\u00e1padem slunce<\/a>.[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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http:\/\/Photo de Scott Webb provenant de Pexels<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Komercializace sv\u00e1tku za\u010dala po\u010d\u00e1tkem 20. stolet\u00ed, od t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch let za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt popul\u00e1rn\u00ed no\u0161en\u00ed kost\u00fdm\u016f a koledov\u00e1n\u00ed po domech se objevuje kolem roku 1950.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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http:\/\/Photo de Thirdman provenant de Pexels<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

D\u011bti<\/a>\u00a0se obl\u00e9kaj\u00ed do stra\u0161ideln\u00fdch kost\u00fdm\u016f a chod\u00ed od domu k domu s tradi\u010dn\u00edm po\u0159ekadlem\u00a0Trick or treat<\/em>\u00a0(Koledu, nebo n\u011bco provedu<\/em>\u00a0– v Americe typick\u00e9 pomalov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed automobil\u016f, dve\u0159\u00ed, zubn\u00ed pasta na dve\u0159\u00edch…) a \u201ekoleduj\u00ed\u201c o\u00a0sladkosti<\/a>. Tradi\u010dn\u00edmi znaky Halloweenu jsou vy\u0159ezan\u00e9\u00a0d\u00fdn\u011b<\/a>\u00a0se\u00a0sv\u00ed\u010dkou<\/a>uvnit\u0159, zvan\u00e9\u00a0jack-o‘-lantern<\/a>, d\u00e1le\u00a0\u010darod\u011bjky<\/a>,\u00a0duchov\u00e9<\/a>, \u010dern\u00e9\u00a0ko\u010dky<\/a>, ko\u0161\u0165ata,\u00a0ohe\u0148<\/a>, p\u0159\u00ed\u0161ery, kostlivci,\u00a0sovy<\/a>, v\u00fd\u0159i atd. Typick\u00fdmi\u00a0barvami<\/a>\u00a0jsou\u00a0oran\u017eov\u00e1<\/a>\u00a0a\u00a0\u010dern\u00e1<\/a>, oran\u017eov\u00e1 symbolizuje podzim a \u010dern\u00e1 temnotu a smrt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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http:\/\/Photo de Lucie Liz provenant de Pexels<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

V\u00a0\u010cesku<\/a>\u00a0nejde o tradi\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek. N\u011bkter\u00e9\u00a0dom\u00e1cnosti<\/a>\u00a0si p\u0159ed\u00a0d\u016fm<\/a>\u00a0d\u00e1vaj\u00ed\u00a0jack-o‘-lantern<\/a>\u00a0a sleduj\u00ed filmov\u00e9\u00a0horory<\/a>, ale ani tyto dom\u00e1cnosti nejsou obvykle p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 na\u00a0trick-or-treating<\/a>, a do Halloweenu se t\u00edm p\u00e1dem nezapojuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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http:\/\/Photo de Tim Mossholder provenant de Pexels<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Zdroj fotografi\u00ed: Pexels, Pixabay, Unsplash<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek: Wikipedia<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Samhain\u00a0(\u010dti [sau\u0148]; ze staroirsk\u00e9ho\u00a0samain) je n\u00e1zev\u00a0keltsk\u00e9ho\u00a0sv\u00e1tku, kter\u00fd se slavil v noci z 31. \u0159\u00edjna na 1. listopadu. Ve star\u00e9m keltsk\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i se t\u00edmto slovem ozna\u010doval tak\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edc listopad, p\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno prvn\u00ed t\u0159i t\u00fddny tohoto m\u011bs\u00edce. Ve skotsk\u00e9\u00a0gael\u0161tin\u011b\u00a0se tento sv\u00e1tek p\u00ed\u0161e jako\u00a0Samhainn\u00a0nebo\u00a0Samhuinn, kde\u017eto listopad jako\u00a0an t-Samhain. V\u00a0galsk\u00e9m\u00a0kalend\u00e1\u0159i z Coligny\u00a0z 1. stol. p\u0159. n. l. je Samhain uveden jako\u00a0Samonios. Samhain byl hranic\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma hlavn\u00edmi periodami (l\u00e9tem a zimou), pro Kelty byl za\u010d\u00e1tkem nov\u00e9ho roku, a byl vn\u00edm\u00e1n tak\u00e9 jako doba, kdy se st\u00edr\u00e1 hranice mezi sv\u011btem \u017eiv\u00fdch a mrtv\u00fdch. V\u011b\u0159ilo se, \u017ee se du\u0161e zesnul\u00fdch v tento \u010das vracej\u00ed na zemsk\u00fd povrch, a \u017eiv\u00ed mohou nav\u0161t\u00edvit podsv\u011bt\u00ed. Kdy\u017e byla na za\u010d\u00e1tku 1. stol. n. l. keltsk\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed dobyta\u00a0\u0158\u00edmany, za\u010daly se prol\u00ednat keltsk\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 zvyky, a ke sv\u00e1tku Samhain se za\u010dal slavit i konec \u00farody. K symbol\u016fm Samhainu p\u0159ibylo obil\u00ed a ovoce. Sv\u00e1tek Samhain se slav\u00ed v takzvan\u00fd \u201e\u010dtvrt\u00edc\u00ed den\u201c (cross-quarter day), tedy den v p\u016fli mezi\u00a0rovnodennost\u00ed\u00a0(den stejn\u011b dlouh\u00fd jako noc) a\u00a0slunovratem\u00a0(na severn\u00ed polokouli nejkrat\u0161\u00ed den a nejdel\u0161\u00ed noc). Jin\u00fdm \u010dtvrt\u00edc\u00edm dnem jsou\u00a0Hromnice\u00a0(v keltsk\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i sv\u00e1tek\u00a0Imbolc). Samhain se slav\u00ed jako protip\u00f3l\u00a0Beltainu, p\u0159esn\u011b po p\u016fl roce. Bylo zvykem nap\u0159\u00edklad prost\u00edrat u ve\u010de\u0159e i pro zesnul\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9, u kter\u00fdch se \u010dekalo, \u017ee p\u0159ijdou rodinu nav\u0161t\u00edvit, nebo vystavovat za oknem zap\u00e1lenou sv\u00ed\u010dku, \u010dasto ve vy\u0159ezan\u00e9 \u0159ep\u011b, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla bloud\u00edc\u00edm du\u0161\u00edm mrtv\u00fdch posv\u00edtit na jejich cestu. Lid\u00e9 se tak\u00e9 p\u0159evl\u00e9kali do star\u00fdch c\u00e1r\u016f a malovali si obli\u010deje, aby se uchr\u00e1nili p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi duchy. Samhain bl\u00edzk\u00fd jeho p\u016fvodn\u00ed keltsk\u00e9 podob\u011b v sou\u010dasnosti slav\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci n\u011bkter\u00fdch\u00a0novopohansk\u00fdch\u00a0n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na keltsk\u00e9ho novopohanstv\u00ed a\u00a0Wiccy. Z wiccansk\u00e9ho Boha se o Samhainu st\u00e1v\u00e1 P\u00e1n smrti, kter\u00fd used\u00e1 na tr\u016fn v podsv\u011bt\u00ed jako vl\u00e1dce mrtv\u00fdch. Po jeho boku sed\u00ed Bohyn\u011b, se kterou se podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch tradic spoj\u00ed a po\u010dne syna (nov\u00e9ho Boha). Zat\u00edmco Bohyn\u011b a mlad\u00fd B\u016fh se o\u00a0Imbolcu\u00a0vracej\u00ed na tento sv\u011bt, star\u00fd B\u016fh z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v podsv\u011btn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, pomalu ztr\u00e1c\u00ed svou s\u00edlu a postupn\u011b ho pohlcuje jeho vlastn\u00ed tma a nev\u011bdom\u00ed. Halloween[pozn. 1]\u00a0([h\u00e6l\u0259\u028a\u02c8i\u02d0n]IPA) je p\u016fvodn\u011b keltsk\u00fd lidov\u00fd sv\u00e1tek, kter\u00fd se slav\u00ed\u00a031. \u0159\u00edjna, tedy den p\u0159ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm\u00a0sv\u00e1tkem V\u0161ech svat\u00fdch.\u00a0Sv\u00e1tek\u00a0se zachoval p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v anglosask\u00fdch zem\u00edch, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u00a0USA,\u00a0Kanad\u011b,\u00a0Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii,\u00a0Irsku\u00a0a\u00a0Austr\u00e1lii. N\u00e1zev vznikl zkr\u00e1cen\u00edm anglick\u00e9ho \u201eAll Hallows‘ Eve\u201c, tedy \u201eP\u0159edve\u010der V\u0161ech svat\u00fdch\u201c. Halloween je keltsk\u00fd sv\u00e1tek s histori\u00ed sahaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e do doby p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. Den 31. \u0159\u00edjna byl hranic\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma hlavn\u00edmi periodami (l\u00e9tem a zimou). Keltov\u00e9 tento den vn\u00edmali jako pomez\u00ed, kdy se st\u00edr\u00e1 hranice mezi sv\u011btem \u017eiv\u00fdch a mrtv\u00fdch. Stav\u011bli proto olt\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00e9 obsahovaly pta\u010d\u00ed pera, \u010di zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed lebky, a m\u011bly za \u00fa\u010del nav\u00e1zat spojen\u00ed s mrtv\u00fdmi, pro kter\u00e9 se pak po\u0159\u00e1daly uct\u00edvac\u00ed ob\u0159ady. Sv\u00e1tek se v kelt\u0161tin\u011b naz\u00fdval Samhain. Mnoh\u00e9 z p\u016fvodn\u00edho Halloweenu se dochovalo do dnes. Lid\u00e9 p\u0159ed sv\u00fdmi domy stav\u00ed mal\u00e9 olt\u00e1\u0159e, ov\u0161em k jejich stavb\u011b jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e9 d\u00fdn\u011b, m\u00edsto oh\u0148\u016f se zapaluj\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dky. Zvyky dne\u0161n\u00edho Halloweenu se rozvinuly v\u00a0Irsku\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b prolnut\u00ed zvyk\u016f vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch ze staroirsk\u00e9ho pohansk\u00e9ho sv\u00e1tku\u00a0Samhain, oslav \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch pohansk\u00fdch sv\u00e1tk\u016f a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch\u00a0slavnost\u00ed V\u0161ech svat\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159ineseny do\u00a0\u0158\u00edma\u00a0spole\u010dn\u011b s k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00edm.[2]\u00a0Americk\u00fd folklorista Jack Santino napsal, \u017ee \u201ev cel\u00e9m Irsku existovalo neklidn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed mezi zvyky a v\u00edrou spojen\u00fdmi s k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00edm a t\u011bmi, kter\u00e9 byly spojeny s n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edmi p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdmi\u201c.[3]\u00a0Historik Nicholas Rogers, kter\u00fd zkoum\u00e1 po\u010d\u00e1tky Halloweenu, poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee zat\u00edmco \u201en\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed folklorist\u00e9 zasazuj\u00ed jeho po\u010d\u00e1tky do \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch oslav bohyn\u011b\u00a0Pomony(bohyn\u011b ovoce, ovocn\u00fdch strom\u016f a\u00a0ovocn\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed) nebo slavnost\u00ed zvan\u00fdch\u00a0Parentalia, co\u017e byly tzv. \u201edny p\u0159edk\u016f\u201c, obvykle je spojena s keltsk\u00fdm sv\u00e1tkem Samhain, kter\u00fd poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze star\u00e9ho Irska a byl spojen se za\u010d\u00e1tkem keltsk\u00e9ho nov\u00e9ho roku.[4] Vyst\u011bhovalci zvyk p\u0159enesli v\u00a019. stolet\u00ed\u00a0do\u00a0USA, kde se v\u0161eobecn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il, a odtud ho s expanz\u00ed americk\u00e9 kultury p\u0159ej\u00edmaly dal\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b. Toto pojet\u00ed p\u0159ijal i\u00a0etnolog\u00a0James Frazer, kter\u00fd Halloween v\u00a0knize\u00a0Zlat\u00e1 ratolest\u00a0popisuje jako pohansk\u00fd sv\u00e1tek s tenkou k\u0159es\u0165anskou slupkou. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci v oblasti keltsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako nap\u0159. n\u011bmeck\u00fd profesor religionistiky Bernhard Maier v\u0161ak s t\u00edmto v\u00fdkladem nesouhlas\u00ed. Maier naopak tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee jde o zvyk, kter\u00fd byl p\u0159enesen do Irska z\u00a0\u0158\u00edma. Dle jeho teorie se op\u00edr\u00e1 o p\u016fvodn\u011b \u017eidovskou tradici slaven\u00ed sv\u00e1tk\u016f ji\u017e od p\u0159edchoz\u00edho ve\u010dera, nebo\u0165\u00a0\u017did\u00e9\u00a0po\u010d\u00edtali za\u010d\u00e1tek dne ji\u017e p\u0159edchoz\u00edm\u00a0z\u00e1padem slunce.[5] Komercializace sv\u00e1tku za\u010dala po\u010d\u00e1tkem 20. stolet\u00ed, od t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch let za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt popul\u00e1rn\u00ed no\u0161en\u00ed kost\u00fdm\u016f a koledov\u00e1n\u00ed po domech se objevuje kolem roku 1950. D\u011bti\u00a0se obl\u00e9kaj\u00ed do stra\u0161ideln\u00fdch kost\u00fdm\u016f a chod\u00ed od domu k domu s tradi\u010dn\u00edm po\u0159ekadlem\u00a0Trick or treat\u00a0(Koledu, nebo n\u011bco provedu\u00a0– v Americe typick\u00e9 pomalov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed automobil\u016f, dve\u0159\u00ed, zubn\u00ed pasta na dve\u0159\u00edch…) a \u201ekoleduj\u00ed\u201c o\u00a0sladkosti. Tradi\u010dn\u00edmi znaky Halloweenu jsou vy\u0159ezan\u00e9\u00a0d\u00fdn\u011b\u00a0se\u00a0sv\u00ed\u010dkouuvnit\u0159, zvan\u00e9\u00a0jack-o‘-lantern, d\u00e1le\u00a0\u010darod\u011bjky,\u00a0duchov\u00e9, \u010dern\u00e9\u00a0ko\u010dky, ko\u0161\u0165ata,\u00a0ohe\u0148, p\u0159\u00ed\u0161ery, kostlivci,\u00a0sovy, v\u00fd\u0159i atd. Typick\u00fdmi\u00a0barvami\u00a0jsou\u00a0oran\u017eov\u00e1\u00a0a\u00a0\u010dern\u00e1, oran\u017eov\u00e1 symbolizuje podzim a \u010dern\u00e1 temnotu a smrt. V\u00a0\u010cesku\u00a0nejde o tradi\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek. N\u011bkter\u00e9\u00a0dom\u00e1cnosti\u00a0si p\u0159ed\u00a0d\u016fm\u00a0d\u00e1vaj\u00ed\u00a0jack-o‘-lantern\u00a0a sleduj\u00ed filmov\u00e9\u00a0horory, ale ani tyto dom\u00e1cnosti nejsou obvykle p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 na\u00a0trick-or-treating, a do Halloweenu se t\u00edm p\u00e1dem nezapojuj\u00ed. Zdroj fotografi\u00ed: Pexels, Pixabay, Unsplash \u010cl\u00e1nek: Wikipedia<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16768,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16265","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pohanske-svatky"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/pumpkins-gd49c39a6e_1920-1.jpg","acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16265","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16265"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16265\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17131,"href":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16265\/revisions\/17131"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/16768"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16265"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16265"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/p-art.design\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16265"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}